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The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system (or blood group system) in human blood transfusion. Found on platelets, epithelium, and cells other than erythrocytes, AB antigens (as with other serotypes) can also cause an adverse immune response to organ transplantation. The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies, which are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances, such as food, bacteria, and viruses. ABO blood types are also present in some other animals, for example rodents and apes, such as chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas. == History of discoveries of the blood types == The ABO blood group system is widely credited to have been discovered by the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner, who identified the O, A, and B blood types in 1900. Landsteiner originally described the O blood type as type "C", and in parts of Europe it is rendered as "0" (zero), signifying the lack of A or B antigen. Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for his work. Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli discovered the fourth type, AB, in 1902. Due to inadequate communication at the time, it was subsequently found that the Czech serologist Jan Janský had independently pioneered the classification of human blood into four groups, but Landsteiner's independent discovery had been accepted by the scientific world while Janský remained then in relative obscurity. However, in 1921 an American medical commission acknowledged Janský's classification. Jan Janský is nowadays credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (A, B, AB, 0). Janský's classification remains in use today. In Russia and states of the former USSR blood types O, A, B, and AB are respectively designated I, II, III, and IV. The designation A and B with reference to blood groups was proposed by Ludwik Hirszfeld. In America, W.L. Moss published his own (very similar) work in 1910. Ludwik Hirszfeld and E. von Dungern discovered the heritability of ABO blood groups in 1910–11. Felix Bernstein demonstrating the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus in 1924. Watkins and Morgan, in England, discovered that the ABO epitopes were conferred by sugars, to be specific, N-acetylgalactosamine for the A-type and galactose for the B-type.〔Morgan, W. T. J. & Watkins, W. M. Br. Med. Bull. 25, 30–34 (1969)〕〔Watkins, W. M. ''Advances in Human Genetics'' Vol. 10 (eds Harris, H. & Hirschhorn, K.) 1–136 (Plenum, New York, 1980)〕〔Watkins, W. M. & Morgan, W. T. J. ''Vox Sang.'' 4, 97−119 (1959).〕 After much published literature claiming that the ABH substances were all attached to glycosphingolipids, Finne et al. (1978) found that the human erythrocyte glycoproteins contain polylactosamine chains〔Finne, Krusius, Rauvala, Kekomäki, Myllylä, ''FEBS left.'' 89: 111–115(1978)〕 that contains ABH substances attached and represent the majority of the antigens.〔Krusius, Finne, Rauvala, ''Eur. J. Biochem.'' 92: 289–300(1978)〕〔Järnefelt, Rush, Li, Laine, ''J. Biol. Chem.'' 253: 8006–8009(1978)〕〔Laine and Rush in ''Molecular Immunology of Complex Carbohydrates'' (A. Wu, E. Kabat, Eds.) Plenum Publishing Corporation, N.Y. NY (1988)〕 The main glycoproteins carrying the ABH antigens were identified to be the Band 3 and Band 4.5 proteins and glycophorin.〔Finne, ''Eur. J. Biochem.'' 104: 181-189 (1980)〕 Later, Yamamoto's group showed the precise glycosyl transferase set that confers the A, B and O epitopes.〔Yamamoto, et al., Molecular genetic basis of the histo-blood group ABO system, ''Nature'' 345: 229–233 (1990)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「ABO blood group system」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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